With the plight of religious minorities around the world in the spotlight following last week’s US State Department summit on the issue, JACK JENKINS, of Religion News Service, reports on claims by some advocates and experts that the Trump administration’s policies have, for some, made their situation worse…
Just weeks into US President Donald Trump’s first term, David Brody, of the Christian Broadcasting Network, asked the businessman-turned-politician whether he would make the plight of Christians facing religious persecution abroad a priority of his administration.
“Yes,” Trump said. “They’ve been horribly treated.”
The President spoke about Christians fleeing violence in Syria, concluding: “We are going to help them.”
The US State Department has backed up Trump’s statement, recently convening its second ministerial to advance religious freedom, intended to draw attention to the plight of religious minorities all over the world.
But an increasingly vocal band of advocates and experts says the Trump administration’s policies have failed to address many of the challenges faced by Christians, Yazidis and other religious minorities abroad – especially those in the Middle East. Some argue the administration’s efforts to scale back refugee resettlement, deport Chaldean Christians living in the United States and potentially end temporary protected status for Syrians have only made their situation worse.
“I can tell you they feel completely abandoned,” Philippe Nassif, Amnesty International’s advocacy director for the Middle East and North Africa and former executive director of the advocacy group In Defense of Christians, told Religion News Service. “They feel ignored, and in some cases, they feel used.”
Iraqi Christians pray at the Church of the Immaculate Conception, damaged by Islamic State fighters during their occupation of Qaraqosh, east of Mosul, Iraq, on 12th November, 2016. Qaraqosh, the biggest Christian town on the Nineveh plains in Iraq’s north, fell to the Islamic State group in 2014. PICTURE: AP Photo/Felipe Dana.
Many critics point to the administration’s decision to reduce the number of refugees allowed into the United States from 110,000 under President Obama to 45,000 shortly after Trump took office. Trump later reduced the cap to 30,000 people – the lowest since the refugee resettlement program started in the 1980s – and White House officials are now reportedly mulling eliminating refugee resettlement altogether.
The reductions have sparked outrage among the nine non-profit groups that help the government resettle refugees, six of which are faith-based.
Philippe Nassif. PICTURE: Lauren Murphy, courtesy of Amnesty International
“I can tell you they feel completely abandoned. They feel ignored, and in some cases, they feel used.”
– Philippe Nassif, Amnesty International’s advocacy director for the Middle East and North Africa and former executive director of the advocacy group In Defense of Christians.
Matthew Soerens, US director of church mobilisation for the evangelical Christian organization World Relief, has tracked refugees coming into the US and found that Christian refugee admissions have fallen as well.
“The numbers don’t lie,” said Soerens, whose group is among those that resettle refugees.
The number of Christian refugees entering the US dropped from 37,521 in fiscal 2016 to 22,747 projected for the end of fiscal 2019 – a 39 per cent decrease, according to Soerens’ calculations using data from the State Department’s Refugee Processing Center.
Among countries that show up in the top two tiers of the US Commission on International Religious Freedom’s list of “Countries of Concern,” the decline is more drastic: 14,551 Christian refugees were resettled in the US from those nations in fiscal 2016, compared with 5,457 projected for the end of fiscal 2019. That represents a decrease of 62.5 per cent.
Only 87 are expected to be resettled this fiscal year from Iraq, one of 11 countries where officials have instituted additional vetting procedures for refugees. That is down from 1,524 Iraqis resettled as refugees in 2016.
There have also been reductions in the number of Syrian Christians: The US took 68 Christian refugees from the country in 2016; this year it is projected to resettle 37.
Soerens said he was “saddened but not surprised” by the reduction in Muslim refugees under Trump, who proposed a “total and complete shutdown” of Muslims entering the US during his campaign. But Soerens insisted the reduction in Christian refugees simply did not match the President’s own rhetoric on religious freedom.
“President Trump also promised to facilitate the resettlement of Syrian Christian refugees, which is a promise broken,” he said. “And the declines among other persecuted Christians, such as those from Iraq, Iran, Burma and Pakistan, are even more stark.”
Dramatic drop in Christian refugee admissions. GRAPHIC: Jack Jenkins/RNS
The Trump administration has deflected criticism about the refugee admission reductions by pointing to efforts to rebuild the homes of displaced Christians in places such as northern Iraq, where their communities were ravaged by IS militants.
Speaking at this month’s second ministerial on religious freedom, US Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom Sam Brownback argued that rebuilding efforts in Iraq’s Nineveh Plains are part of a larger attempt to assist persecuted Christians and religious minorities where they are.
“What we’re trying to do now is push on [with] being able to make places stable and safe for all people of faith,” Brownback told reporters at a news conference at the end of the ministerial. “I recognise some criticise them: ‘Well, wait a minute, what about the refugee numbers?’ I recognise and I hear that statement. But the effort really is to try to make the place safe, which I do believe honestly is a much better long-term solution to the situation.”
The Nineveh Plains project was funded due to an intervention from Vice President Mike Pence and through partnerships with faith-based groups such as the Knights of Columbus.
But reports from the region suggest that while some Christians have moved back to those locations, others are unlikely to do so due to lingering security concerns.
“You get rid of ISIS (another acronym for the so-called Islamic State], and then you have a situation where armed militias – some backed by Iran, others backed by the Iraqi government, others that are Kurdish armed groups – have filled in the void and have not allowed a lot of these communities to return to rebuild,” Nassif said. “There are some communities where rebuilding has happened, but the majority of them – Christians and Yazidis – are still displaced.”
Stephen Rasche, counsel with the Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Irbil and the Nineveh Reconstruction Committee, stressed that hard data about who has returned to the beleaguered region is difficult to come by. Even so, he estimated that fewer than half of the original inhabitants of Christian Nineveh – around “35-40 per cent (approximately 40-50,000 people),” he wrote in an email – have returned or are attempting to do so.
Rasche said some towns were able to act quickly to keep homes from remaining vacant. Others weren’t so lucky.
“Other towns, more dependent on the much slower moving and more restrictive institutional aid providers, have faced a much slower and more difficult return, and their future as Christian towns remains quite uncertain as militias and power factions have moved into the vacuum,” Rasche said.
Still others, Rasche said, “remain so entrenched with fundamentalist mentalities, even post-ISIS, that they are no longer safely inhabitable for Christians. These Christians are essentially permanently displaced and are seeking to re-establish themselves either elsewhere in Iraq or in the diaspora.”
Nassif said some groups have called for a neutral United Nations presence to help provide stability for the region but said he has yet to see the US Government advocate for such a move.
“As the weeks and months go by, the prospects for rehabilitating any of these communities in northern Iraq – it’s grim,” he said.
Thousands of Syrian refugees walk in order to cross into Turkey on 14th June, 2015, in Akcakale, Sanliurfa Province, in southeastern Turkey. PICTURE: AP Photo/Lefteris Pitarakis.
Meanwhile, the Trump administration has moved to deport Iraqi Christians who are already in the United States back to the region. Shortly after Trump introduced the initial travel ban on several Muslim-majority countries, Immigration and Customs Enforcement detained several hundred Iraqis in and around Detroit, Michigan. Many are Chaldean Christians, an ancient group of Catholics whose historic homeland extends from Turkey and Georgia through northern Iraq and Jordan.
Efforts to deport the detained immigrants were halted by a legal challenge spearheaded by the ACLU. Miriam Aukerman, senior staff attorney at the ACLU of Michigan, explained that out of the roughly 1,400 Iraqi nationals who had final orders of removal, around 800 have criminal records.
But many of the criminal infractions are minor or years old and hundreds have no criminal record whatsoever.
What’s more, ACLU lawyers uncovered documentation indicating that the State Department actively negotiated with Iraq to secure the deportation of Iraqi nationals, including Chaldean Christians.
Aukerman said the administration has been “calling out Iraq [for religious persecution], but at the same time using every tool in the tool book to force Iraq to take back people who will be tortured or killed if they are repatriated.”
Officials at the US State Department did not immediately return requests for comment on this story.
US-based Chaldean Christian leaders have made similar claims, saying deporting people back to Iraq would amount to a “death sentence”.
Despite those pleas, the courts sided against the ACLU late last year. Lawyers are evaluating the possibility of escalating it to the Supreme Court.
In the meantime, Aukerman said some Chaldeans have already been deported to Iraq.
Ambassador-at-Large for International Relgious Freedom Sam Brownback opens the second Ministerial to Advance Religious Freedom at the US Department of State on 16th July. PICTURE: Ron Przysucha/US State Department/Public Domain
Martin Manna, president of the Chaldean Community Foundation, said the threat of deportations has made his community’s relationship to the Trump administration “complex”. He stressed that many of those at risk of deportation are winning their individual immigration cases and voiced appreciation for efforts to rebuild in northern Iraq, but found the continued reduction of refugees and the threat of sending Chaldean Christians back to the region “upsetting”.
“This administration clearly has a focus on aiding and assisting persecuted Christians throughout the Middle East,” he said, noting that he attended last week’s Ministerial to Advance Religious Freedom in Washington, DC. “The flip side of that is, besides the deportations, there’s been no refugee flow to the United States – this is an issue we continuously bring up.”
Manna added that so far more Chaldeans were deported under the Obama administration than Trump, but “that’s likely to change”.
As for the President’s concern for those fleeing Syria, religious groups and advocates are concerned about that commitment as well. Thousands of Syrians – including Syrian Christians – are currently granted Temporary Protected Status in the United States, but acting US Citizenship and Immigration Services Director Kenneth Cuccinelli has yet to say whether the government will extend the status when it comes up for renewal in the next few weeks.
“As the US does less to offer protection to those fleeing persecution, other countries are doing less, too. Persecuted people – including those persecuted for their faith – have fewer places to turn for refuge.”
– Matthew Soerens, US director of church mobilisation for the evangelical Christian organisation World Relief
“Acting Director Cuccinnelli must re-designate Temporary Protected Status (TPS) for Syrians of all faiths who want nothing else than to return home to a safe and secure Syria when that option is available,” said Jameson Cunningham, policy and public affairs strategist for the advocacy group Americans for a Free Syria.
The predicament of exiled Syrian religious minorities is especially dire, said Asaad Hanna, a journalist, activist and Syrian Christian based in Turkey, because they belie Syrian President Bashar Assad’s claim that he is their protector. “The regime doesn’t like to see minorities standing against him,” said Hanna.
Soerens noted that Canada has also restricted refugee admissions since 2016, and the European Union struck a deal with Turkey in 2016 to stop hundreds of thousands of refugees and migrants from traveling into Western Europe.
Refugees who once looked to Brazil for shelter have been discouraged by the election there of Jair Bolsonaro as president. The firebrand conservative described by some as the “‘Trump of the Tropics” has referred to refugees as “the scum of the earth”.
“As the US does less to offer protection to those fleeing persecution, other countries are doing less, too,” Soerens said. “Persecuted people – including those persecuted for their faith – have fewer places to turn for refuge.”
Trump was directly confronted with the ongoing suffering of religious minorities last week in the Oval Office, when he met Yazidi activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner Nadia Murad as part of a delegation of survivors of religious persecution. Murad, who was kidnapped from her home in northern Iraq and held by IS for three months, pressed Trump to help her homeland become safe again.
“Our home is destroyed,” said Murad, who said she now lives in Germany with as many as 95,000 other Yazidis who fled there and to other parts of Europe in recent years. “Now there is no ISIS, but we cannot go back because there is Kurdish government and Iraqi government — they are fighting each other [over] who will control my area.”
She named French President Emmanuel Macron as a leader who helped pressure the Iraqi government to address the security issue. As she stressed that she and others cannot find a safe place to live, she referenced the deaths of her mother and brothers.
“Where are they now?” Trump interrupted, as Brownback and Paula White – an evangelical pastor and one of the President’s closest spiritual advisers – stood nearby.
“They killed them,” Murad replied. “They’re in the mass graves of Sinjar…Please do something.”
– Adelle Banks also contributed to this report.
