In an article first published on Religion News Service, ANTHEA BUTLER, associate professor of religion and Africana studies at the University of Pennsylvania, says the situation facing Nigeria – where attacks against Christians are continuing – will be a “grave test” for the nation…
Via RNS
Over the weekend, Chidinma Ibeleji, a deaconess in the Redeemed Christian Church of God in Nigeria, was kidnapped along with four others on her way to her Pentecostal denomination’s annual convention in Lagos.
All five were rescued within days, but not all stories in this West African country end so well. The week before, Rev Paul Offu, a Catholic priest, was shot dead in the south of the country. Catholic priests called for government action in response to his slaying and that of another priest, Rev Clement Ugwu, who was kidnapped in March and found dead days later. Both deaths have been blamed on Muslim Fulani herdsmen.
People are treated at Maiduguri General Hospital, on 29th July, in Maiduguri, Nigeria, after a deadly attack by suspected Boko Haram extremists. More than 60 people were killed and many more injured in an attack on villagers leaving a funeral in northeastern Nigeria, in the deadliest extremist attack against civilians in the region this year. PICTURE: AP Photo.
“The attacks have put Nigeria’s president, Muhammadu Buhari, in a tight spot as he tries to manage a country nearly evenly split between Christians and Muslims. Many considered his re-election in February to bode well for all Nigerians, but the uptick in anti-Christian violence has opened Buhari, a Fulani Muslim himself, to increasing criticism.”
The attacks have put Nigeria’s president, Muhammadu Buhari, in a tight spot as he tries to manage a country nearly evenly split between Christians and Muslims. Many considered his re-election in February to bode well for all Nigerians, but the uptick in anti-Christian violence has opened Buhari, a Fulani Muslim himself, to increasing criticism. In a public letter, former President Olusegun Obasanjo said he now fears “spontaneous or planned reprisal attacks against Fulani which may inadvertently or advertently mushroom into pogrom or Rwanda-type genocide that we did not believe could happen and yet it happened”.
He’s not entirely exaggerating. In Nigeria, religion stands at the intersection of a divisive colonial history and the current crisis caused by drought and land scarcity. It is impossible to discuss nearly any topic in Nigeria without also discussing faith.
The most immediate cause of strife is a government proposal to move Fulani herdsmen from their historic areas in the north of the country into the south, which is occupied by Igbo Christians and Yorubas, who are both Christians and traditional religious practitioners. The program, the Rural Grazing Area settlement program, or RUGA, was designed to help herdsmen escape depleted herding areas and drought.
But few are happy with RUGA, and though it has been postponed for now, the political battle over it has continued. With the recent killings and kidnappings, the rhetoric against Fulani herdsmen has increased, with clerics and other leaders blaming them for every act of robbery, kidnapping or murder that occurs.
Added to all of this is the ongoing threat of Boko Haram, whose 2014 kidnapping of 276 female students from Chibok is still unresolved, and which continues to attack Christian churches in the north.
It is not difficult then, to see the clergy attacks as an issue not only for religious leaders, but for Nigeria’s stability as a nation.
Religious leaders have been supportive of the government, but the protests by Catholic priests over the killings showed how tensions between religious groups are leading them to question the authorities. The archbishop of Ibadan Province and president of the Bishops Conference said: “Time is running out for Nigeria if security is not improved. We call on governments at all levels, traditional and other civil authorities to please save the country.” Adeyeye Ogunwusi, the head of Yoruba traditional religion known as the Ooni of Ife, has called for “kicking out” the bad Fulani from the country.
Others are more constrained. EA Adeboye, leader of the Redeemed Christian Church of God, one of the country’s largest denominations, has been careful not to criticise Buhari since the Vice-President, Yemi Osinbajo, is also a pastor in the RCCG. In 2010, during the Obasanjo presidency, Adeboye condemned similar violence and called for a million-man protest against the declining security of the country.
“It remains to be seen if Buhari can stem the crisis. His position as a Fulani and Muslim, with a Pentecostal Vice-President, makes for a government intrinsically tied to religious groups in ways that make it easy for detractors to claim favouritism for one group or another in what is a contentious, life-threatening situation for many.”
Adeboye is feeling pressure to raise his voice again. Last month, a group of Nigerian celebrities protested at Redemption Camp, the RCCG’s city-sized main campus.
These events bear close scrutiny in America as well. Conservative religious groups in America have taken up the cause of persecuted and murdered Christians in Nigeria. David Curry, leader of Open Door Ministries, says that 3,731 Christians were killed in Nigeria in the past year. Two weeks ago, the Trump administration awarded Imam Abubakar Abullahi the 2019 Religious Freedom Award, for hiding Christians in his home and mosque during an attack in central Nigeria.
It remains to be seen if Buhari can stem the crisis. His position as a Fulani and Muslim, with a Pentecostal Vice-President, makes for a government intrinsically tied to religious groups in ways that make it easy for detractors to claim favouritism for one group or another in what is a contentious, life-threatening situation for many.
For Buhari, holding all of these religious groups together in an increasingly dangerous situation on the roads and worship centres will be the test of his second term, and a grave test for a nation trying to balance its religious diversity.
Anthea Butler is an associate professor of religion and Africana studies at the University of Pennsylvania.
